Background
Southeast Asia, an interesting
sub-region of Asia continent, is a group of growing nations developing very
rapidly in many sectors, including tourism. The region is covered with dense
jungle, beautiful beaches, and has so many incredible wildlife. As a developing
region, Southeast Asia got many challenges; one of them is the environmental
challenge. The local environment should be at the top of priorities for
Southeast Asian countries to be preserved as the natural resources is fundamental
for the region.
The significance of regional
tourism to the Southeast Asian nations is on the rise in recent decades as a
development tool at regional and local level. Tourism plays an important role
to the regional economic development of Southeast Asian countries. Even most of
the countries are heavily rely on tourism for their economies.
There are ten independent
countries in Southeast Asia region: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao
PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, The Philippines, and Vietnam. Each
country has its own enchantment, and blessed with natural flora and fauna.
Southeast Asian countries are endowed with improved tourist resources and
attractions, for instance, attractive beaches with pristine blue water, sunny
and warm weather, inimitable tropical and wildlife a mixer of exotic and
distinctive cultures.
According to Mazumder, Sultana
and Al-Mamun (2003) in their research entitled Regional Tourism Development in
Southeast Asia, the growth in the distribution of tourist arrivals by each of
the Southeast Asian country during 2001-2011 is quite high. During the period
in concern Malaysia received the highest number of visitor arrivals (203.2
million) followed by Thailand (145.5 million) and Singapore (93.8 million).
Other countries share of visitor arrivals are Indonesia (62.7 million), Vietnam
(35.8 million), Philippines (29.9 million), Cambodia (16.8 million), Lao PDR
(13.5 million), Myanmar (2.5 million), and Brunei Darussalam (1.7 million).
Table 1.
Visitor arrivals by country of destination, 2001-2011 (in million)
According to the research result above, Malaysia, Thailand,
and Singapore are among the most visited countries in Southeast Asia.
Tourist Attraction in
Southeast Asian Nations
Brunei Darussalam
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Picture 1. Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque
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Brunei Darussalam is the
smallest country in the region, in terms of area of coverage. Located in Borneo
Island, it shares location with Malaysia and Indonesia. Bandar Seri Begawan is
the capital of the country, a city steeped in quiet respect, grounded in
Islamic tradition, and exuding a sense of peace that makes it one of Asia’s
most distinctive capital cities. With the Malays forming the biggest ethnic
group in Brunei Darussalam, Malay or Bahasa Melayu is the national and official
language of the country; yet at the same time, English is widely spoken and
understood particularly in the business community.
As a prosperous oil and gas
producing nation with a small, peace loving population ruled by His Majesty the
Sultan of Brunei, Brunei is a safe, stable, healthy, wholesome and sincerely hospitable
society. Brunei has a clean and pollution free environment with no traffic jams
and un-crowded streets, also a healthy lifestyle, make Brunei a perfect getaway
for short holidays or for a break from the hectic pace of urban living. Brunei
can also nicely complement multi-destination trips to Kuala Lumpur, Singapore,
Manila, Bali, Dubai or any other destination in the Royal Brunei Airlines
regional network, or can be an attractive stopover on the way to or from
Australia and New Zealand.
Bandar Seri Begawan is the
center of Brunei’s commerce, finance and government. In many ways, it is also
the heart of Brunei’s cultural landscape, housing some of the nation’s most
revered landmarks. The city’s breathtaking Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque is
a stunning tribute to the nation’s deep-rooted faith, while the truly Bruneian
Kampong Ayer water village offers a glimpse of the nation’s quaint Asian charm.
Another famous attraction of
Brunei Darussalam is Jerudong Park Playground, the state-of-the-art amusement
park that was once the playground of royalty which is located in Brunei-Muara.
The country also has natural beauty in Tutong called Pantai Seri Kenangan beach
covered with white sands and rocky outcroppings. But the true draw of Tutong is
its people. Local colour abounds at the Ruma Budaya cultural village,
showcasing the five ethnic Bornean groups that make up the district’s diverse
population.
Based on my personal opinion
from my previous visits to Brunei Darussalam, one of the drawbacks in tourism that
Brunei owns is lack of public transportation system. Tourists will find it hard
to travel from one place to another if they do not rent a van or have some
accompany from local people. Brunei actually has three forms of public
transport - public buses, taxis, and water taxis - which are all lacking in
coverage, efficiency and quality that limit its attractiveness to local and
foreign users.
However, according to an article published on http://news.asiaone.com on December 25, 2014 entitled “Brunei's public transport system to undergo reforms”, Brunei Darussalam has embarked on a journey to overhaul its public transport system this year. With the launch of the Land Transport Master Plan and Land Transport White Paper, the public transport system is expected to see changes that promise a more integrated, rapid and efficient transport network. Several improvements to the public transport system were proposed, including a new Bus Rapid Transit System and a taxi franchise. This effort would lead to a better service for tourism industry in Brunei Darussalam in the upcoming future.
Cambodia
Unlike Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia has quite many prospective resources for tourists’ attraction. One of its well-known temple located in Siem Reap is Angkor Wat which is also listed in World Wonder List. According to Cambodia’s official tourism website, http://www.tourismcambodia.com/, Angkor Wat was built in the first half of the 12th century (113-5BC). Estimated construction time of the temple is 30 years by King Suryavarman II, and It is generally accepted that Angkor Wat was a funerary temple for King Suryavarman II. Wat is the Khmer name for temple, aside than Angkor Wat, there are plenty other beautiful temples in Cambodia which draws ever-increasingly tourists from all over the world.
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| Picture 2. Angkor Wat |
The capital of the Kingdom of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, is located at the confluence of three rivers - the Mekong, the Bassac and Tonle Sap. Every year, the reversal of the river is celebrated with the country's most spectacular Water Festival in November. The ceremony last for three days to provide opportunity for people to be part in competition, and there were to types of boats from near and far of provinces, taking part in the races. During the nighttime, multicolor fireworks were lit to entertain people. Khmer people believed that the lively festive atmosphere helped relive the tension and trouble.
Over the past four years, the city has undergone tremendous changes - businesses are springing up constantly and tourism is once again booming. Tourism is one of the most important sectors in Cambodia’s economy; therefore some urgent actions need to be taken to improve this sector. One article in http://www.phnompenhpost.com/ entitled “Tackling Tourism Issues”, Cambodia is lacking of tour guides who can converse in the Korean language, while Korean tourists is increasing by numbers. Ngov Seng Kak, director of the Tourism Department in Siem Reap said, “Cambodia still needs to improve human resources in regard to the Korean language, and other languages such as Vietnam and Russian. But we respect our Cambodian guides because only they can describe the truth of our history to tourists.”
Another problem also discussed in the article is the ever increasing number of Angkor Wat visitors by 2020. Cambodia expects visitor numbers to the Kingdom to increase to about 7 million tourists annually, with 4 million visiting Siem Reap Angkor. The Tourism Ministry needs to figure out the way to manage the temple with this massive flow of the tourists and to find the best method to protect the temples. Commitment from the government to create rule and regulation to preserve the temples and other natural resources is urgently needed.
Indonesia
There are too many major tourist attractions to be found in Indonesia as the largest nation among the Southeast Asian nations. Those places are easily accessible by sea, air, and land, spread out on its 33 provinces of Indonesia. Tourists can find mostly anything in this country, from the metropolitan life of the Capital City of Jakarta, to the mystical enchanted rain forests and its natural beauty in Borneo Island. While Bali is usually the destination most familiar to foreign visitors, there is a wealth of other top tourist attractions in Indonesia to discover in this vast and varied country.
One article posted on http://www.touropia.com on April 2015 entitled “Top 10 Tourist Attractions in Indonesia” mentioned that as the largest archipelago country in the world, Indonesia has many things to offer to tourists, among the best places to be visited are: Lake Toba of North Sumatera, Tanjung Puting of Borneo, Baliem Valley of Western New Guinea, Mount Bromo of East Java, Toraja Land of South Sulawesi, Bunaken of North Sulawesi, Gili Islands of Nusa Tenggara Barat, Komodo National Park of Nusa Tenggara Timur, Borobudur of Yogyakarta, and Ubud of Bali.
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| Picture 3. Bunaken Island |
The biggest problem of Indonesian tourism is infrastructure, including roads linking cities and towns with each other, which is sadly has prevented the growth of alternative tourist destinations in the country. Budi Tirtawisata, chief executive of Panorama Group, one of Indonesia’s leading tourism business groups, said 90 percent of local tourists in Indonesia came from Java and they usually traveled to other destinations on the island. He mentioned the fact to the reporter from http://thejakartaglobe.beritasatu.com.
A lack of infrastructure and connectivity to tourist attractions elsewhere in the country, other than in Bali, has resulted in more expensive costs for airfare, putting certain destinations out of reach for many Indonesians. These conditions encourage domestic tourists to travel to neighboring countries such as Singapore, where airfare is often cheaper than the cost to travel from Jakarta to cities such as Manado in North Sulawesi or to provinces such as Papua.
The article also said that according to Marc Steinmeyer, the president director of Tauzia Hotel Management, said Indonesia lacks skilled workers in the hospitality sector to keep up with the expansion of global hotel management companies across the country. Indonesia also needs to focus on marketing, working with travel agencies and promoting new travel destinations. Similar problems also existed in other countries across Southeast Asia, but they have become more pronounced in Indonesia because of the country’s rapid growth. The Government needs to work together with the tourism industry to promote the country’s tourism sector in order to compete with other Southeast Asian nations in the future.
Lao PDR
Lao PDR is a country as yet untouched by the modern demands. It is a stress-free and peaceful country with the beauty of the people and the century-old traditions and heritage. One of the most well-known tourist attractions in Lao PDR is Luang Prabang. Situated in the center of northern Laos, Luang Prabang is classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its outstanding cultural, historic and architectural values and its harmonious relationship between the natural and built environment. The official website of Lao’s tourism mentioned that visitors to Luang Prabang are charmed by the friendly atmosphere of this small town. The town itself offers several unique insights into the history of the region, through excellently preserved Buddhist temples, museum and night market.
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| Picture 4. Pha That Luang |
As cited from a thesis by Bhoj Raj Kanal entitled “An Economic Analysis
of the Lao PDR Tourism Industry”, Lao is one of some countries involved in the
Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS), among others; Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar,
Thailand, Vietnam and China (Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces). The GMS nations
initiated an economic cooperation in 1992 by the governments concerned with the
help of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to initiate broader economic activity
in the sub-region.
Tourism is regarded as an important contributor to economic growth and employment creation in Lao PDR. The ADB (2008) reported tourism is an important sector in the Lao PDR’s socio-economic development plan for 2006-2010. Tourism-related industries also make a significant contribution to economic activity because they benefit from strong international visitor arrivals in Lao PDR (World Bank, 2009).
Tourism is regarded as an important contributor to economic growth and employment creation in Lao PDR. The ADB (2008) reported tourism is an important sector in the Lao PDR’s socio-economic development plan for 2006-2010. Tourism-related industries also make a significant contribution to economic activity because they benefit from strong international visitor arrivals in Lao PDR (World Bank, 2009).
The research
conducted by Kanal resulted in findings to provide some policy guidelines to
the Lao PDR tourism stakeholders in developing the tourism sector in the
country. Lao could formulate an effective tourism marketing and promotion
strategy that requires increased attention. Tourism marketing and management
are important because tourism businesses are better handled by the private
sector and communities at large. The private sector can invest in the tourism
primary sectors such as accommodation, food and beverages, entertainment and
retail trade establishments, which are well inter-linked with the general
economy. The projected employment and output of the tourism sector will aid in
the planning and evaluation of tourism demand in the country. The agriculture
and livestock, construction, retail trade, food and beverages, and banking and
finance sectors should maximize their potential to produce the respective
estimated outputs to meet the future tourism demand in the country.
Malaysia
Malaysia is a very
vibrant and pleasant country to visit. Apart from being a wealthy nation, it
has people from different religions and cultures co-existing as one on this
beautiful land. Though the predominant religion here is Islam you will find
Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, Christians and people of other religions residing
here. The diversity of festivals celebrated in Malaysia reveals plurality in
culture owing to the multi-ethnic and multi-religious population of the
country. As mentioned previously, according to Mazumder, Sultana and Al-Mamun
(2003) in their research, Malaysia received the highest number of
visitor arrivals (203.2 million) during 2001-2011.
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| Picture 5. Petronas the Twin Tower |
As cited from the
tourism official website, http://www.tourismmalaysia.com.my/,
Tourism Malaysia, also known as the Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board, is a
governmental agency headed by Ng Yen Yen, the nation's minister of tourism.
Since the country's economic crisis in the commodities markets in the 1990s,
the tourism board has strived to increase tourism and its resulting boost to
the economy. Compare to other tourism official website of Southeast Asian
nations, Malaysia’s is definitely the best in terms of appearance and contents.
It has more than 20 languages option to translate the content of the web, and
it appears more modern, vibrant, and also luxurious.
Malaysia is
comprised of two land masses: a peninsula bordering Thailand and the
northeastern section of nearby Borneo, an island. Visitors to both regions will
enjoy a wide range of activities and receive a traditionally warm Malaysian
welcome. Peninsula Malaysia is by far the bigger of the two provinces and
offers tourists everything from fast-paced city life in the Malaysian capital,
Kuala Lumpur, to relaxed holidays in east coast beach resorts. Malaysian Borneo
is an untamed paradise, one of the few places in the world where visitors can
still see orangutans living in the wild.
According to
Norizawati Mohd Ayob and Tarmiji Masron in their research titled “Issues of
Safety and Security: New Challenging to Malaysia Tourism Industry”, for
Malaysia, the image as safety and secure destination was tarnished a few years
lately and new unfortunates incident in this year bring more damage to Malaysia
image. Healthy issues, terrorism, repeated kidnapping and shooting in Sabah,
twin airlines incident, riot and illegal demonstration and false reporting by
international media brings new challenging to Malaysia. Although some incident
may be had short-term impact to Malaysia tourism industry, but it’s still gave
the big impact to Malaysia branding process. Many travellers and Malaysian
itself still believe that Malaysia is a one of safer destination and country to
visit and stayed in, but more outstanding efforts was require to make sure
Malaysia tourism industry was capable to recover from this negative impact as
soon as possible.
Myanmar
Myanmar is
sometimes called ‘the Land of Pagodas’. But Myanmar has more than just
pagodas to delight the traveller. This historic wonderland has just about
everything that makes for a memorable cultural experience: colorful bazaars,
classic handicrafts, magnificent pagodas and stupas, traditional tribes,
exquisite gems, enchanting festivals and dances that bring to life the legends
of old- a world of Golden Sights
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| Picture 6. The Shwedagon Pagoda |
Tourists can find
many things in Myanmar, from ancient cities to dazzling Buddhist temples, from
unspoiled beaches to the beautiful countryside. It is easy to see the
attraction of the country to international visitors. An article posted on http://www.bbc.com by
- Spiritual Journeys/Commodification of Buddhism
Traditionally Burma/Myanmar had
been known as a top destination for Teravada Buddhist meditation. This type of
tourism, if marketed and managed with care, can be the most sustainable form of
tourism, providing both visitor satisfaction and host communities’ development.
- Enclave Tourism/Heritage Attractions
Most forms of tourism in Myanmar
are enclave tourism. The government and crony businesses have been developing a
tourist route especially to cater to enclave tourism, where tourists can go
with relative ease to must-see places in the country.
- Ethnic Tourism
- Ecotourism
- Sex Tourism
- War Tourism/Morbid Tourism.
With the country's tourism industry still in such an early
state, it means tremendous opportunities for young Burmese entrepreneurs. And
despite continuing problems in the country - such as sectarian violence between
majority Rakhine Buddhists and minority Rohingya Muslims - most young
businessmen and women in the tourism sector are very optimistic about the
future. However the business is still need to be conducted in a more
professional way.
Singapore
Singapore is famous
for shopping, outdoor activities, dining, and entertainment. According to a
paper from Tourism Industry Conference 2013 by Singapore Tourism Board entitled
“Navigating the Next Phase of Tourism Growth”, tourism plays a key role in
reinforcing Singapore’s status as a vibrant global city that is a magnet for
capital, business, and talent. The tourism sector currently contributes to 4
percent of Singapore’s gross domestic product and supports some 160.000 jobs.
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| Picture 7. Singapore Attractions |
Over the past few
years Singapore tourism sector has been growing robustly. Some of the most
tourists’ attractions in Singapore that are considered as the world-class
attractions are; Universal Studios Singapore, Singapore Zoo, Formula One
Singapore Grand Prix, and the shopping arcades in the Orchard Road. Not to
mention the numerous music concert performed by international singer or band
that took place in Singapore. This has surely attracts more and more
international tourists to come to Singapore.
According to an
article publish on http://www.straitstimes.com,
Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong stated that Singapore's tourism industry
can expect new challenges in the next 50 years. In order to overcome
competition from other destinations and a labor shortage, the country needs to
invest in capabilities, refresh its attractions and deepen its engagement with
locals.
Thailand
Thailand is one
country among the ten ASEAN Countries which radiates culture and historical hue
through its ancient glittering temples, and exotic-tropical radiant from its
beautiful beaches as well as the comforting Thai smile from its friendly
people. It is located in the heart of Southeast Asia, divided into five
regions: the North, the Northeast, the Central, the East, and the South.
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| Picture 8. Phiphi Island |
The official name of the country is Kingdom of Thailand, the word Thai
itself means free, so basically Thailand means land of the free. The 70 million
of population is spread out in 76 provinces with Bangkok as capital city. 90%
of Thai people are Buddhist, and they talk in Thai language with two different
dialects; South and North, they also have their own alphabet.
It is the only country in Southeast Asia region that has never been
taken over by other nation in colonization. The country is ruled by King
Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) who is highly respected by all the people. We can
see the picture of the King and the Queen all across the nation like in shops,
banks, schools, etc.
There are plenty of tourists’ attractions in Thailand. According to the
official tourism website of Thailand, http://www.tourismthailand.org,
some of the most visited areas in Thailand are Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai,
Phuket, and Chanthaburi.
The Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) members are concerned that
Thailand may be losing its competitive tourism edge in the international
marketplace, as cited from a report on ‘Challenges to Thailand’s Competitive Tourism
Position’ by the Minister of Tourism and Sport of Thailand. In order to improve
services to the tourists, better facilities in the international airports and to
simplify the entry/exit procedures for Immigration at the international
airports are needed. Good and availability of transportation facilities, as
well as sustainable tourism promotion and marketing would also contribute to
the betterment of tourism industry in Thailand.
The Philippines
As mentioned in an
article by Joan C Henderson, published on Tourismos: an International
Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, entitled “Tourism Development and
Politics in the Philippines”, The Philippines has a rich diversity of
attractions, yet its performance as an international tourist destination
remains disappointing and appears to be linked to the country’s history of
political instability.
Ranked 90 out of
177 countries in the United Nations Human Development Index (UNDP, 2008), the
Philippines is placed 37 in the list of 108 developing nations with regard to
human poverty. Deprivation at home helps to explain the number of nationals
working abroad, calculated to be 7.5 million with an additional three million
undocumented. International tourism has expanded rapidly throughout Asia
Pacific in recent decades, often at a faster pace than in other regions of the
world, although the global recession which commenced in 2008 has depressed
demand and investment. However, the pattern in the Philippines was irregular
prior to the current slowdown and does not conform to general trends.
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| Picture 9. Trekking at the mountainous forests of the Philippines |
To exploit some of
its natural and cultural heritage, the Philippines has some efforts to promote
the relaxing coastal vacations, usually at self-contained integrated resorts,
opportunities are advertised for reef, scuba and wreck diving as well as
snorkeling, surfing, sailing and swimming with whales. Terrestrial ecosystems,
flora and fauna and mountainous landscapes support non-marine ecotourism and
adventure.
Vietnam
Vietnam, a one-party communist state, is situated on the mainland of Southeast Asia and share borders with Cambodia, Lao, and China. According to an article published on http://www.bbc.com entitled “Vietnam Country Profile – Overview”, Vietnam is one of south-east Asia's fastest-growing economies and has set its sights on becoming a developed nation by 2020.
In terms of tourism, Vietnam has Ha Long Bay and Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park as World Natural Heritages. Vietnam has long coastline stretching from north to south, which makes beach tourism is in a position of strength for the nation. Many of its beaches are ideal for water sports like windsurfing, boat racing, parasailing, and scuba diving through beautiful coral reefs and schools of fish. Vietnam also has numerous islands and archipelagos, like the beautiful Phu Quoc, as well as Con Dao with Mangrove forests and historic relics.
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| Picture 10. Ha Long Bay |
ASEAN Plus Three
No single country or region in this world could live alone
without any interaction and cooperation with others, so does ASEAN. A Press
Statement by the Chairman of the 7th ASEAN Summit and the 5th ASEAN + 3 Summit
Brunei Darussalam, 5 November 2001 clearly mentioned that in the current
climate of intense global uncertainty, Southeast Asia faces its biggest, if not
the biggest, challenge since ASEAN was founded in 1967. Many issues has emerged
within the region, such as; combating terrorism, battling HIV/AIDS or other
diseases, and stimulating domestic economies. These challenges offer a unique
opportunity for ASEAN to work even closer together. ASEAN is determined to
strengthen competitiveness and accelerate regional integration. Identifying
these new priorities, ASEAN also believes to respond decisively to longer term
challenges facing Southeast Asia through strengthening the cooperation with
three other Asian biggest forces: China, Japan, and Korea.
With the new colleagues from China, Japan and Korea, ASEAN
exchanged views on terrorism and strongly condemned the attacks happened all
over the world. ASEAN confirmed that political stability, economic well-being
and development in the region are crucial foundations in the fight against
international terrorism. China, Japan and Korea supported the efforts to
accelerate ASEAN integration, especially in the areas of human resource
development, infrastructure and information technology.
The Greater Mekong
Sub-region (GMS)
The studies of Rogerson (2004) and Chang (1998) mentioned
that the greater expansion and economic impact of tourism rely on how countries
within the region cooperate and support each other rather than competing.
Regional development through tourism will be obvious and occur where regional
countries are prepared to collaborate, cooperate and support as partners. This
has been collaboratively acknowledged by Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos and
Cambodia which are involved in ACMECS – the economic cooperation framework
known as the ‘Ayeyawady-Chao Phraya-Mekong Economic Cooperation Strategy’.
The third meeting of the ACMECS Tourism Working Group
meeting was discussing the enhancement of the intra-regional cooperation on
tourism sector. The meeting centered on the promotion and advertising of a
common tourism-market in the region with the ‘Five Countries, One Tourism
Destination’ strategy. This will facilitate tourist transits at international
borders and connect flights among the member nations with international
flights.
As stated in the report about the Greater Mekong Sub-region
(GMS) Tourism Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map by Asian Development
Bank (ADB), to harmonize the overall sub-regional tourism planning framework
and complement national tourism development plans, ADB assisted the GMS
countries prepare the regional tourism sector strategy (RTSS) in 2005. The main
objectives of the RTSS are to:
- develop quality sub-regional tourism products that spread the benefits of tourism widely;
- promote the GMS as a single destination;
- add to the tourism development efforts of each GMS country;
- contribute to poverty reduction, gender equality and empowerment of women, and sustainable development; and
- minimize the negative impacts of tourism.
The RTSS includes 29 priority projects and seven strategic
programs focusing on:
- marketing and product development,
- human resource development,
- heritage conservation and social impact management,
- pro-poor tourism development,
- private sector participation,
- facilitation of the movement of tourists within the sub-region, and
- tourism-related infrastructure development
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